普遍定期審議機(jī)制將審查14個(gè)國(guó)家的人權(quán)記錄
2024年1月17日
聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)普遍定期審議（UPR）工作組第四十五屆會(huì)議將于2024年1月22日至2月2日在日內(nèi)瓦舉行，屆時(shí)將對(duì)14個(gè)國(guó)家的人權(quán)狀況進(jìn)行審議。
普遍定期審議是人權(quán)理事會(huì)的一個(gè)獨(dú)特機(jī)制，要求每個(gè)聯(lián)合國(guó)會(huì)員國(guó)每四年半對(duì)其人權(quán)記錄進(jìn)行一次同行審議。普遍定期審議工作組由47個(gè)成員組成的人權(quán)理事會(huì)全體成員和其他希望參加的聯(lián)合國(guó)會(huì)員國(guó)或觀察員國(guó)組成。
在第四十五屆會(huì)議期間，普遍定期審議工作組將審議的國(guó)家按預(yù)定審議順序排列如下：沙特阿拉伯、塞內(nèi)加爾、中國(guó)、尼日利亞、毛里求斯、墨西哥、約旦、馬來西亞、中非共和國(guó)、摩納哥、伯利茲、乍得、剛果和馬耳他。這將是這14個(gè)國(guó)家第四次接受普遍定期審議。
代表這14個(gè)國(guó)家的高級(jí)別代表團(tuán)將介紹它們?yōu)槁男腥藱?quán)義務(wù)和承諾所做的努力，特別是自上次普遍定期審議以來的努力，評(píng)估積極的事態(tài)發(fā)展，明確面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。
會(huì)議期間，接受審議的國(guó)家與普遍定期審議工作組之間將進(jìn)行互動(dòng)對(duì)話。每個(gè)國(guó)家的審議持續(xù)三個(gè)半小時(shí)，每個(gè)國(guó)家還將有半個(gè)小時(shí)專門用于通過附有同行建議的報(bào)告。
這些審議所依據(jù)的文件包括：
1.國(guó)家報(bào)告：有關(guān)國(guó)家編寫的資料，在審議期間口頭提交
2.聯(lián)合國(guó)匯編：聯(lián)合國(guó)相關(guān)機(jī)制和實(shí)體的報(bào)告中包含的信息，將由人權(quán)高專辦（OHCHR）匯編成報(bào)告
3.利益攸關(guān)方摘要：由其他相關(guān)利益攸關(guān)方提供的資料，包括非政府組織、國(guó)家人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)、人權(quán)維護(hù)者、學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)、研究機(jī)構(gòu)和區(qū)域組織，也將由人權(quán)高專辦進(jìn)行總結(jié)
對(duì)每個(gè)國(guó)家的審議由來自不同區(qū)域集團(tuán)的三名理事會(huì)成員組成的小組（也稱為三國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組）協(xié)助進(jìn)行，他們擔(dān)任報(bào)告員。三國(guó)小組是在2024年1月10日的理事會(huì)組織會(huì)議上通過抽簽選出的。
普遍定期審議工作組第45次會(huì)議的最終結(jié)果將在2024年6月或7月舉行的人權(quán)理事會(huì)第56屆常會(huì)的全體會(huì)議上通過。除被審議國(guó)和其他國(guó)家外，聯(lián)合國(guó)駐地協(xié)調(diào)員、聯(lián)合國(guó)實(shí)體國(guó)家主任、國(guó)家人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)和非政府組織也可發(fā)言，時(shí)間為一小時(shí)。
普遍定期審議的目標(biāo)
普遍定期審議的目標(biāo)是改善當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藱?quán)狀況；履行國(guó)家的人權(quán)義務(wù)和承諾，評(píng)估國(guó)家的積極發(fā)展和面臨的挑戰(zhàn)；與有關(guān)國(guó)家協(xié)商并征得其同意，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)援助；在國(guó)家和其他利益攸關(guān)方之間分享最佳做法；支持在促進(jìn)和保護(hù)人權(quán)方面的合作；鼓勵(lì)與理事會(huì)、其他人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)和人權(quán)高專辦充分合作和接觸。
落實(shí)普遍定期審議的建議旨在加強(qiáng)國(guó)家人權(quán)保護(hù)體系。在解決侵犯人權(quán)行為的根源方面，落實(shí)建議可以起到預(yù)防作用。
英文原文
Human rights records of 14 States to be examined by Universal Periodic Review mechanism
17 January 2023
Fourteen States will have their human rights records examined during the 45th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Working Group to be held in Geneva from 22 January to 2 February 2024.
The UPR is a unique mechanism of the Human Rights Council that calls for each UN Member State to undergo a peer review of its human rights records every four-and-a-half years. The UPR Working Group comprises the entire membership of the 47-member Human Rights Council and other UN Member or Observer States wishing to take part.
The States to be reviewed by the UPR Working Group during this 45th session are, in order of scheduled review: Saudi Arabia, Senegal, China, Nigeria, Mauritius, Mexico, Jordan, Malaysia, the Central African Republic, Monaco, Belize, Chad, the Congo and Malta. This will be the fourth time these 14 States will undergo a UPR examination.
High-level delegations representing the 14 countries are expected to present the efforts they have made to fulfil their human rights obligations and commitments, particularly since their last UPR, assessing positive developments and identifying challenges.
During the session, an interactive dialogue between the country under review and the UPR Working Group takes place. Each country review lasts three-and-a-half hours, and an additional half-hour for each country will be devoted to adopting the report containing the recommendations put forward by their peers.
The documents on which these reviews are based are:
National Report: information prepared by the State concerned, presented orally during the review
UN Compilation: information contained in the reports of relevant UN mechanisms and entities to be compiled in a report by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Summary of Stakeholders: information provided by other relevant stakeholders including non-governmental organizations, national human rights institutions, human rights defenders, academic institutions, research institutes, and regional organizations, also to be summarized by OHCHR
The review for each State is facilitated by groups of three Council members from different regional groups, also called troikas, who act as rapporteurs. The troikas were selected through a drawing of lots on 10 January 2024 during an organizational meeting of the Council.
The final outcome of the 45th session of the UPR Working Group will be adopted by the plenary of the Human Rights Council at its 56th regular session taking place in June/July 2024. For one hour, in addition to the State reviewed and other States, UN resident coordinators, country directors of UN entities, national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations can also take the floor.
Objectives of the Universal Periodic Review
The objectives of the Universal Periodic Review are the improvement of the human rights situation on the ground; the fulfilment of the State’s human rights obligations and commitments and assessment of positive developments and challenges faced by the State; the enhancement of technical assistance, in consultation with, and with the consent of, the State concerned; the sharing of best practice among States and other stakeholders; support for cooperation in the promotion and protection of human rights; and the encouragement of full cooperation and engagement with the Council, other human rights bodies and OHCHR.
The implementation of UPR recommendations aims to strengthen national human rights protection systems. In addressing the root causes of human rights violations, the implementation of recommendations can have a preventive effect.
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